沼氣發(fā)電,沼氣發(fā)電機組,沼氣發(fā)電機組尾氣排放_沼氣發(fā)電機組污染物廠界排放及尾氣排放執(zhí)行什么標準

　　Biogas power generation, biogas generator set, biogas generator set exhaust emissions _ What standards are implemented for the discharge of pollutants at the factory boundary and exhaust emissions from biogas generator sets

　　目前污染物廠界排放標準指示主要是排放煙囪出口NOx濃度、SO2濃度和顆粒物濃度三個維度，如下表所示：

　　At present, the emission standards for pollutants at the factory boundary mainly indicate three dimensions: NOx concentration, SO2 concentration, and particulate matter concentration at the chimney outlet, as shown in the table below:

　　　各地環(huán)境影響評價和環(huán)保驗收的排放指標主要是SO2和NOx各地執(zhí)行的標準主要有以下幾個：

　　The emission indicators for environmental impact assessment and environmental acceptance in various regions are mainly SO2 and NOx. The standards implemented in various regions mainly include the following:

　?、佟跺仩t大氣污染排放標準》(GB13271-2001-2014)

　　① Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards (GB13271-2001-2014)

　?、凇洞髿馕廴疚锞C合排放標準》(GB16297-1996)

　?、?Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996)

　?、邸洞蠊β收託獍l(fā)電機組》(GB/T29488-2013)

　?、?High power biogas generator sets "(GB/T29488-2013)

　?、堋痘痣姀S大氣污染物排放標準》(GB13223-2011)

　?、?Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants (GB13223-2011)

　?、荨盾囉命c燃式發(fā)動機及裝用點燃式發(fā)動機汽車排放污染物排放限值及測量方法》(GB14762-2002)第二階段與《車用壓燃式、氣體燃料點燃式發(fā)動機與汽車排氣污染物排放限值及測量方法(中國Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ階段)》(GB17691-2005)

　?、?GB14762-2002 "Limits and Measurement Methods for Pollutant Emissions from Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines" (Stage II) and GB17691-2005 "Limits and Measurement Methods for Pollutant Emissions from Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Vehicles (Stage III, IV, V in China)

　　一、關于《鍋爐大氣污染排放標準》(GB13271-2001-2014)

　　1、 Regarding the Emission Standards for Boiler Air Pollution (GB13271-2001-2014)

　　《鍋爐大氣污染排放標準》有GB13271-2001和GB13271-2014兩個版本。2008年，環(huán)境保護部、發(fā)展改革委、能源局聯(lián)合印發(fā)《關于進一步加強生物質(zhì)電項目環(huán)境影響評價管理工作的通知》(<環(huán)發(fā)[2008]82號>)。其中針對“填埋氣發(fā)電機沼氣發(fā)電類項目”提到“單臺出力65t/h及以下的發(fā)電鍋爐。參照《鍋爐大氣污染排放標準》(GB13271-2001)中燃氣鍋爐大氣污染最高允許排放濃度執(zhí)行?！币虼耍糠终託獍l(fā)電項目環(huán)境影響評價采用的是該文件提到的標準。準確說，“往復式內(nèi)燃機式發(fā)電機組”不屬于發(fā)電鍋爐，因此執(zhí)行《鍋爐大氣污染排放標準》比較牽強，與實際情況有悖。尤其是在《鍋爐大氣污染排放標準》(GB13271-2014)新標準發(fā)布之后，適用范圍明確為：“新建鍋爐自2014年7月1日起，10t/h以下在用蒸汽鍋爐和7MW以上的熱水鍋爐，10t/h及以上在用蒸汽鍋爐和7MW及以下的熱水鍋爐，分別自2015年10月1日與2016年7月1日起執(zhí)行本標準，《鍋爐大氣污染排放標準》(GB13271-2001)自2016年7月1日廢止”，更加表明“往復式內(nèi)燃機式發(fā)電機組”不適用于此標準所列范圍。

　　There are two versions of the "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards": GB13271-2001 and GB13271-2014. In 2008, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the Energy Administration jointly issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment for Biomass Power Projects (<Huan Fa [2008] No. 82>). Regarding the "landfill gas generator biogas power generation project", it is mentioned that "power generation boilers with a single output of 65t/h or less. Refer to the "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standard" (GB13271-2001) for the maximum allowable emission concentration of air pollution from gas-fired boilers. ”Therefore, the environmental impact assessment of some biogas power generation projects adopts the standards mentioned in this document. To be precise, "reciprocating internal combustion engine generator sets" do not belong to power generation boilers, so implementing the "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards" is somewhat far fetched and contrary to the actual situation. Especially after the release of the new standard "Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards" (GB13271-2014), the scope of application is clearly defined as follows: "Starting from July 1, 2014, for newly built boilers, this standard shall be implemented for in-service steam boilers below 10t/h and hot water boilers above 7MW, and for in-service steam boilers above 10t/h and hot water boilers below 7MW, respectively, from October 1, 2015 and July 1, 2016. The" Boiler Air Pollution Emission Standards "(GB13271-2001) shall be abolished from July 1, 2016", which further indicates that "reciprocating internal combustion engine generator sets" are not applicable to the scope listed in this standard.

　　二、關于《大氣污染物綜合排放標準》

　　2、 Regarding the Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants

　　由于較為符合實際狀況的《車用點燃式發(fā)動機及裝用點燃式發(fā)動機汽車排放污染物排放限值及測量方法》和《中大功率沼氣發(fā)電機組》均未對SO2的排放做出規(guī)定，因此，部分沼氣發(fā)電項目環(huán)境影響評價中采用現(xiàn)行的《大氣污染物綜合排放標準》(GB16297-1996)來約束SO2的排放。標準明確：1997年1月1日起設立的（包括新建、擴建、改建）的SO2污染排放限值為960mg/m?(一級)與500mg/m?(二級)。

　　Due to the lack of regulations on SO2 emissions in the "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines" and "Medium and High Power Biogas Generator Sets" that are more in line with actual conditions, some biogas power generation projects use the current "Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants" (GB16297-1996) to constrain SO2 emissions in their environmental impact assessments. The standard is clear: the SO2 pollution emission limit established on January 1, 1997 (including new construction, expansion, and renovation) is 960mg/m? (Level 1) and 500mg/m? (Level 2).

　　三、關于《大功率沼氣發(fā)電機組》(GB/T29488-2013)

　　3、 Regarding "High Power Biogas Generator Sets" (GB/T29488-2013)

　　《大功率沼氣發(fā)電機組》(GB/T29488-2013)是由中國石油集團濟柴動力總廠負責起草，國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗檢疫總局和標準化管理委員會發(fā)布實施的，適用于“額定頻率為50Hz或60Hz，功率不小于250kW，以沼氣（甲烷含量不低于30%）為主要燃料的往復式內(nèi)燃機驅(qū)動的交流工頻發(fā)電機組”。該標準規(guī)定“機組在額定工況時排出的NOx污染物排放限值為3.48g/kWh”，相近于《車用點燃式發(fā)動機及裝用點燃式發(fā)動機汽車排放污染物排放限值及測量方法》，同前述相同，SO2的排放與氣源有關，也無從規(guī)定。

　　The "High Power Biogas Generator Set" (GB/T29488-2013) was drafted by China Petroleum Group Jichai Power Plant and implemented by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the Standardization Management Committee. It is applicable to "AC power frequency generator sets driven by reciprocating internal combustion engines with rated frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz, power not less than 250kW, and mainly fueled by biogas (methane content not less than 30%)". This standard stipulates that the emission limit of NOx pollutants emitted by the unit under rated operating conditions is 3.48g/kWh, which is similar to the "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines". Similarly, the emission of SO2 is related to the gas source and cannot be regulated.

　　四、關于《火電廠大氣污染物排放標準》

　　4、 Regarding the Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants

　　環(huán)保部發(fā)布的《火電廠大氣污染物排放標準》(GB13223-2011)，規(guī)定了以氣體為燃料的鍋爐或燃氣輪機組的SO2、NOx的排放限值。根據(jù)國家環(huán)保總局環(huán)函[2010]123號《關于生活垃圾填埋氣體發(fā)電機組煙氣排放執(zhí)行標準問題的復函》：“《火電廠大氣污染物排放標準》(GB13223-2011)標準實施后，燃氣輪機組污染排放應按標準的規(guī)定執(zhí)行。目前國家尚未制定采用氣體燃料的內(nèi)燃機發(fā)電機組的排放標準，地方省級政府可根據(jù)法律規(guī)定制定地方排放標準?！倍託獍l(fā)電機組普遍采用的是“往復式內(nèi)燃機式發(fā)電機組”，也不適用于此標準所列范圍。

　　The "Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants" (GB13223-2011) issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection stipulate the emission limits for SO2 and NOx from boilers or gas turbine units that use gas as fuel. According to the reply of the State Environmental Protection Administration on the Implementation Standards for Flue Gas Emissions from Landfill Gas Generator Units (2010) No. 123, "After the implementation of the 'Emission Standards for Air Pollutants from Thermal Power Plants' (GB13223-2011) standard, the pollution emissions from gas turbine units should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the standard. At present, the country has not yet formulated emission standards for internal combustion engine generator sets using gas fuels. Local and provincial governments may formulate local emission standards in accordance with legal provisions. ”The commonly used biogas generator set is a "reciprocating internal combustion engine generator set", which is not applicable to the scope listed in this standard.

　　五、關于《車用點燃式發(fā)動機及裝用點燃式發(fā)動機汽車排放污染物排放限值及測量方法》

　　5、 Regarding the emission limits and measurement methods of pollutants from spark ignition engines and vehicles equipped with spark ignition engines

　　根據(jù)國家環(huán)?？偩汁h(huán)函[2006]359號《關于內(nèi)燃式瓦斯發(fā)電項目環(huán)境影響評價標準請示的復函》：“目前，我國還沒有發(fā)電用內(nèi)燃機大氣污染排放標準，使用以煤層氣（沼氣）為燃料的內(nèi)燃機發(fā)電建設項目，可根據(jù)建設項目環(huán)境影響評價文件審批時間，分別參照執(zhí)行《車用點燃式發(fā)動機及裝用點燃式發(fā)動機汽車排放污染物排放限值及測量方法》(GB14762-2002)第二階段和《車用壓燃式、氣體燃料點燃式發(fā)動機與汽車排氣污染物排放限值及測量方法(中國Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ階段)》(GB17691-2005)中的大氣污染排放控制要求，進行環(huán)境影響評價”。本評價中NOx排放參照執(zhí)行《車用壓燃式、氣體燃料點燃式發(fā)動機與汽車排氣污染物排放限值及測量方法(中國Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ階段)》(GB17691-2005)中的大氣污染排放中國Ⅳ、Ⅴ階段(2010年、2012年起)的控制要求(NOx≤3.5g/kWh、NOx≤2.0g/kWh)。

　　According to the Reply to the Request for Environmental Impact Assessment Standards for Internal Combustion Gas Power Generation Projects (Huan Han [2006] No. 359) issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration, "Currently, there are no air pollution emission standards for internal combustion engines used in power generation in China. For internal combustion engine power generation construction projects using coalbed methane (biogas) as fuel, according to the approval time of the environmental impact assessment documents for construction projects, the air pollution emission control in the second phase of the" Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Vehicles Equipped with Spark Ignition Engines "(GB14762-2002) and the" Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Vehicles with Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Vehicle Exhaust Pollutants (China III, IV, V phases) "(GB17691-2005) can be followed respectively. Request to conduct an environmental impact assessment. The NOx emissions in this evaluation are subject to the control requirements of the Chinese Stage IV and V (2010, 2012 onwards) for air pollution emissions in accordance with the "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Automotive Exhaust Pollutants (China Stage III, IV, V)" (GB17691-2005) (NOx ≤ 3.5g/kWh, NOx ≤ 2.0g/kWh).

　　該標準適用范圍符合項目實際采用的發(fā)動機類型。但對沼氣發(fā)電項目來說，該標準規(guī)定了NOx的排放要求，SO2的排放與具體的沼氣品質(zhì)有關，在該標準中也無從規(guī)定。

　　The scope of application of this standard conforms to the actual engine types used in the project. But for biogas power generation projects, this standard specifies the emission requirements for NOx, and the emission of SO2 is related to the specific quality of biogas, which cannot be specified in this standard.

　　綜上所述，采用燃氣內(nèi)燃機發(fā)電技術的沼氣發(fā)電機組NOx排放標準可參照《車用點燃式發(fā)動機及裝用點燃式發(fā)動機汽車排放污染物排放限值及測量方法》(GB14762-2002)第二階段與《車用壓燃式、氣體燃料點燃式發(fā)動機與汽車排氣污染物排放限值及測量方法(中國Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ階段)》(GB17691-2005)，或《大功率沼氣發(fā)電機組》(GB/T29488-2013)執(zhí)行；SO2排放標準可參照《大氣污染物綜合排放標準》(GB16297-1996)執(zhí)行。

　　In summary, the NOx emission standards for biogas generator sets using gas internal combustion engine power generation technology can refer to the second stage of "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Motor Vehicles with Spark Ignition Engines and Installed Spark Ignition Engines" (GB14762-2002) and "Emission Limits and Measurement Methods for Motor Vehicles with Compression Ignition and Gas Fuel Ignition Engines and Exhaust Pollutants (China Stage III, IV, V)" (GB17691-2005), or "High Power Biogas Generator Sets" (GB/T29488-2013) for implementation; The SO2 emission standards can be implemented in accordance with the Comprehensive Emission Standards for Air Pollutants (GB16297-1996).

　　要解決沼氣發(fā)電機組尾氣排放執(zhí)行標準的爭議性問題，首先我們要明確沼氣發(fā)電機組的工作原理？由于沼氣發(fā)電項目兼具社會效益與經(jīng)濟效益，利用沼氣發(fā)電機組發(fā)電并網(wǎng)，一般采用單機功率較小的往復式燃氣內(nèi)燃機組發(fā)電技術，通過沼氣在氣缸內(nèi)燃燒，帶動活塞運動，產(chǎn)生動力，再帶動發(fā)電機運轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)電。該技術具有如下特點：

　　To solve the controversial issue of implementing standards for exhaust emissions from biogas generators, we first need to clarify the working principle of biogas generators? Due to the dual social and economic benefits of biogas power generation projects, the use of biogas generator sets for grid connection generally adopts the technology of reciprocating gas internal combustion units with low single unit power. By burning biogas in the cylinder, the piston is driven to generate power, which then drives the generator to operate and generate electricity. This technology has the following characteristics:

　　①單位千瓦建站投資少，2500~3500元/kW；投資回報率高：45%~80%；運行成本低：0.1~0.12元/kWh。

　?、?Low investment per kilowatt for station construction, ranging from 2500 to 3500 yuan/kW; high investment return rate: 45% to 80%; Low operating cost: 0.1~0.12 yuan/kWh.

　?、谌細鈨?nèi)燃機機組配套設備簡單，電站可移動性強。

　　② The supporting equipment for gas internal combustion engine units is simple, and the power station is highly mobile.

　?、蹤C組單機功率范圍：4kW~2000kW，可以單臺工作，也可多臺并網(wǎng)，建站靈活。

　?、?The power range of a single unit is 4kW~2000kW, and it can work as a single unit or be connected to the grid with multiple units, making station construction flexible.

　　④電站自耗電少，不超過發(fā)電量的2%。

　?、?The self consumption of the power station is low, not exceeding 2% of the generated electricity.

　?、萑細鈨?nèi)燃及采用熱電冷聯(lián)供，機組熱效率可達80%。

　?、?Gas internal combustion and the use of combined heat, power and cooling can achieve a thermal efficiency of up to 80% for the unit.

　?、迣φ託鈿庠礂l件要求較低。

　?、?The requirements for biogas source conditions are relatively low.

　　沼氣發(fā)電機組污染物廠界排放及尾氣排放執(zhí)行什么標準

　　What standards are implemented for the discharge of pollutants at the factory boundary and exhaust emissions from biogas generators

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